PerioFrogz Research Summaries

All PerioFrogz research summaries can be downloaded in PDF format.  If you do not have Adobe Reader installed, you can download it here.

Current Research Summaries:
Research Summary 1211.1:		Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin: A Powerful Tool with Capacity to Cause Imbalance in the Host Inflammatory Response.
		This review examined the capacity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) to kill white blood cells by the release of leukotoxins and suggested a mechanism for the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis.
Research Summaries Archive:
Research Summary 1111.1:		The importance of the presence of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in sulcus gingivalis of patients with cardiovascular disease.
		The aim of this study was to determine whether periodontal status and serum levels of inflammatory mediators are associated with the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in the periodontium of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Research Summary 711.2:		Periodontal disease and nitric oxide levels in low risk women with preterm labor.
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and preterm labor (PTL). The role of nitric oxide (NO) in this potential association was also examined. NO is a cellular signaling molecule involved in many physiological processes. Chronic expression of NO is associated with a variety of inflammatory and pathological processes.
Research Summary 711.1:		Periodontal Therapy & Type 2 Diabetes
		This study assessed the effect of non-surgical perio therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic individuals with moderate to severe periodontitis.
Research Summary 611.2:		Gingival Blood Glucose Estimation with Reagent Test Strips-A Method to Detect Diabetes in a Periodontal Population
		The aim of this study was to determine the viability of screening for diabetes using gingival blood glucose levels.
Research Summary 611.1:		Periodontal treatment during pregnancy decreases rate of adverse pregnancy outcome: a controlled clinical trial.
		This Brazilian study examined the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment during the second trimester on the rate of preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 weeks.
Research Summary 511.2:		Detection of Periodontal Bacteria in Carotid Arterial Plaque
		The aim of this study was to detect periodontitis-associated bacteria from carotid artery atheromatous plaques recovered from patients receiving an endarterectomy (surgical removal of atheromatous plaque), providing evidence of a causal association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular diseases.
Research Summary 511.1:		A randomized controlled trial on the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Part 1: effect on periodontal status and glycaemic control.
		This study assessed the effect of non-surgical perio therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic individuals with moderate to severe periodontitis.
Research Summary 411.2:		Pg and Atherosclerosis
		This study examined the effect of P gingivalis lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to determine if Pg endotoxins affected the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes during and after the formation of foam cells, which aggregate in arterial walls to form atherosclerotic plaques.
Research Summary 411.1:		Perio Pathogens and Risk of MI
		This study was testing the theory of the direct effects of perio pathogens on the development of atherosclerotic plaque development. The study had two objectives; assess the effect of perio pathogens in periodontal pockets with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and assess whether an increase in the number of perio bacterial species increases the risk of an MI.
Research Summary 311.2:		Reduction of HbA1c levels following nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease in type 2 diabetics
		This article determined the levels of glycemic control before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy, as measured by HbA1c values.
Research Summary 311.1:		Positron emission tomography measurement of periodontal (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake is associated with histologically determined carotid plaque inflammation.
		This study examined the relationship between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic inflammation. The uptake of a glucose compound F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), in periodontal, carotid and aortic tissue was evaluated by PET scans.
Research Summary 211.2:		A Gut Feeling on Endotoxemia: Causes and Consequences in Chronic Kidney Disease.
		This review discussed the relationship between chronic inflammation, endotoxemia (ET) and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Research Summary 211.1:		Systemic inflammation following non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy.
		This study evaluated the level of inflammatory markers following non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. The markers of inflammation were an indication of the level of systemic inflammation following perio therapy.
Research Summary 111.2:		Periodontal infection and preterm birth: successful periodontal therapy reduces the risk of preterm birth.
		This study examined the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the rate of preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery prior to 35 weeks gestation.
Research Summary 111.1:		Periodontal bacteria and hypertension: the oral infections and vascular disease.
		This study examined the relationship between periodontal pathogens and hypertension. Separate evaluations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were made. Hypertension was defined as SBP > 140 mmHg and DBP > 90 mmHg.
Research Summary 1210.2:		Periodontal disease as a risk marker in coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease.
		This review paper discusses the links between periodontal disease, coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease. The role of the inflammatory response in each of these diseases is discussed.
Research Summary 1210.1:		Local and systemic biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid increase odds of periodontitis
		This study examined gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of inflammatory markers indicative of local and systemic inflammation. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) levels were used as a local marker of inflammation and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were used as a systemic marker of inflammation. The independent and combined association of these markers on periodontitis was examined.
Research Summary 1110.2:		Term stillbirth caused by oral Fusobacterium nucleatum
		This case has been widely reported in the news. The authors discuss the determination of the oral source of the bacteria, and a likely explanation for the sequence of events that culminated in the stillbirth.
Research Summary 1110.1:		Impact of periodontitis on the diabetes-related inflammatory status.
		This study was a literature review evaluating the effect of inflammation from periodontal diseases on glycemic control in diabetic individuals.
Research Summary 1110.1 Supplement :		Fax Template
Research Summary 1010.2:		Visceral fat area-defined obesity and periodontitis among Koreans.
		This study evaluated the relationship between waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and other indicators of obesity, to the development of periodontitis.
Research Summary 1010.1:		Maternal periodontitis and the causes of preterm birth: the case-control EPIPAP study.
		This study examines the relationship between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation). Epipap is a multi-center study of live births.
Research Summary 910.1:		The Prevalence of Inflammatory Periodontitis is Negatively Associated with Serum Antioxidant Concentrations.
		This study examines the relationship between antioxidant concentrations in the bloodstream and periodontal disease. NHANES III is the third national health and nutrition examination survey. About 34,000 patients of all ages were evaluated for many parameters. The objective was to obtain information on the health and nutritional status of the population of the U.S. The data is used for many epidemiological studies.
Research Summary 810:		Non surgical periodontal therapy improves serum levels of C- reactive protein and edematous states in female patients with idiopathic edema.
		Idiopathic edema is a syndrome of fluid retention with swelling of the face, hands, trunk and limbs in the absence of heart, liver or kidney disease. It occurs primarily in pre-menopausal women, commonly occurring prior to menstruation. This study examined the effect of periodontal therapy to reduce the oral contribution to systemic inflammation, which may contribute to idiopathic edema.
Research Summary 710:		Periodontal treatment did not prevent complications of pregnancy
		This randomized controlled trial examined the effect of providing non-surgical periodontal treatment in mid-pregnancy or after the pregnancy was concluded.
Research Summary 610:		Cardioprotective Effect of Periodontal Therapy in Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study in Indian Subjects
		The aim of this study was to measure changes in systemic inflammatory markers following periodontal therapy in individuals with metabolic syndrome and healthy controls. A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome means having at least three risk factors or disorders at the same time. This group of risk factors occur together and increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors include; high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood sugar, high blood pressure and an above-average waistline.
Research Summary 510:		Changes in gingival crevicular inflammatory mediator levels during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans
		This research examined the level of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during and after stent-induced gingivitis.
Research Summary 410:		Involvement of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in human periodontal disease
		Gingival tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers which provide structural support. When periodontitis occurs, the gingival tissue is broken down by the enzyme collagenase.
Research Summary 310:		Enhanced monocyte migration and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection
		This research investigated the role of the perio pathogen, P. gingivalis, (Pg) in the development of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, which are primary risk factors for cardiovascular events.
Research Summary 210:		Biochemistry and biomarkers of inflamed patients: why look, what to assess
		This review article examined the medical implications of inflammation in clinical practice and its effect on dialysis patients. Correctible causes of inflammation were identified, including periodontal disease.
Research Summary 110:		Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease
		This study examined the potential to develop a chair-side diagnostic test for periodontal disease. This test would evaluate combinations of host and bacterially derived inflammatory markers.
Research Summary 709:		Infections as a stimulus for coronary occlusion, obstruction, or acute coronary syndromes
		This study examined the effect of acute and chronic infections on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary obstruction. Acute coronary syndrome is a term used for any condition brought on by sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart, such as a heart attack. Chronic infection by bacteria including two perio pathogens is associated with the development of atherosclerosis and coronary obstruction.
Research Summary 609:		Periodontitis and risk for atherosclerosis: an update on intervention trials
		This article provides an update on research efforts aimed at determining if periodontal treatment reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
Research Summary 509:		A multiplex immunoassay demonstrates reductions in gingival crevicular fluid cytokines following initial periodontal therapy
		The generally accepted model of periodontal disease development and progression is bacterial infection by perio pathogens in oral biofilms, followed by the body’s inflammatory response causing the majority of periodontal tissue destruction.
Research Summary 409:		Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: is there an association?
		This journal article evaluated a variety of adverse pregnancy events including; preterm birth, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction or perinatal death in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease.
Research Summary 309:		Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Immunologic Associations
		Previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease, (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis, (RA). This article examines the potential mechanisms underlying this association.
Research Summary 209:		Identification of a Shared Genetic Susceptibility Locus for Coronary Heart
		Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. CHD is also called coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary heart disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis (narrowing of the blood vessels), potentially leading to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, and other symptoms. This study demonstrates that coronary heart disease and periodontitis are genetically related.
Research Summary 109:		Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and the Management of those Risk Factors
		The focus of this issue of PerioFrogz is risk factors for periodontal disease and the management of them by dental providers and patients. The information was compiled from a variety of sources rather than a single journal article, including interviews and published works by leading clinicians, researchers and dental educators including; Dr. Larry Sweeting, Dr. Maria Ryan, Dr. Laura Minsk and the JP Institute.
Research Summary 508:		Inflammation and Bone Loss in Periodontal Disease
		This research summary deals with the mechanism by which inflammation leads to periodontal bone resorption. Host response factors drive periodontal tissue destruction.
Research Summary 408:		Maternal periodontal disease, systemic inflammation and preeclampsia.
		Preeclampsia is a toxic condition of late pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of gestation. Modest increases in blood pressure occur frequently; however, left untreated, preeclampsia can be fatal for mother and baby.
Research Summary 308:		Interactions between chronic renal disease and periodontal disease
		Number of people with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is increasing. Atherosclerotic complications including stroke and heart attack are the primary causes of death in the ESRD population. Periodontal disease may be a treatable source of systemic inflammation.
Research Summary 208:		Age-dependent associations between chronic periodontitis/edentulism and risk of coronary heart disease
		Recognize the relationship between periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD), (angina, myocardial infarction or fatal CHD) in men. Significant association between periodontitis and CHD among men <60 years of age independent of diabetes, blood pressure, smoking, cholesterol etc. No such association found among men > 60 years of age.
Research Summary 108:		Maternal oral health in pregnancy
		Periodontal disease affects up to 40% of reproductive-aged women. Maternal oral flora is one of the greatest predictors of child’s oral flora. Periodontal infection is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Research Summary 107:		Diabetes in the dental office: using NHANES III* to estimate the probability of undiagnosed disease
		One third of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed. 60% of Americans see a dentist at least once per year. Dental professionals can screen patients for undiagnosed diabetes.

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